The maths behind the game: projectile range, pace, xG, VO₂ max, Elo and player ratings
Horizontal distance a ball travels when launched at speed v and angle θ.
Peak height reached by a launched projectile.
Total time a projectile spends in the air on level ground.
Time taken per unit distance — the runner's pace.
Convert a running pace in min/km into speed in km/h.
Sum of scoring probabilities of every chance a team creates.
Updates a player's rating after a game based on result versus expectation.
Probability player A beats player B given their ratings.
Runs scored per dismissal — a batter's core stat.
Runs scored per 100 balls faced — measures scoring speed.
Runs conceded per over bowled.
Hits divided by at-bats — baseball's classic hitting measure.
Estimates aerobic fitness from distance run in 12 minutes.
Cyclist's sustainable power divided by body mass — key to climbing.
Fraction of games a team has won.
Predicts a team's win rate from points scored and allowed.
Average points a player or team scores per game.
Standardises a round score against course difficulty.
How far you travel during reaction time before braking — vital in motorsport and driving.