Search Results

Average (Mean)

\text{average} = \frac{\text{sum of values}}{\text{number of values}}

Add all values and divide by how many there are.

Even and Odd

n \bmod 2 = 0 \Rightarrow \text{even}

A number is even if it divides by 2 with no remainder.

Mixed Number to Fraction

a\frac{b}{c} = \frac{ac + b}{c}

Convert a mixed number to an improper fraction.

Reciprocal

\frac{1}{x}

The multiplicative inverse of a number.

Square of a Number

n^2 = n\times n

A number multiplied by itself.

Cube of a Number

n^3 = n\times n\times n

A number multiplied by itself three times.

Divisibility by 3

\text{digit sum divisible by 3}

A number is divisible by 3 if its digit sum is.

Geometry & TrigonometryIntermediate

Divisibility by 9

\text{digit sum divisible by 9}

A number is divisible by 9 if its digit sum is.

AlgebraBasic

Zero Exponent

a^0 = 1

Any nonzero number to the power zero equals one.

AlgebraBasic

Absolute Value

|x| = \begin{cases} x & x \ge 0 \\ -x & x < 0 \end{cases}

Distance of a number from zero, always non-negative.

AlgebraIntermediate

Geometric Mean

GM = \sqrt[n]{x_1 x_2 \cdots x_n}

The nth root of the product of n numbers.

AlgebraBasic

Zero Exponent

a^0 = 1, \; a\neq 0

Any nonzero number to the power zero is one.

Number of Diagonals

D = \frac{n(n-3)}{2}

Count of diagonals in an n-sided polygon.

TrigonometryAdvanced

De Moivre's Theorem

(\cos\theta + i\sin\theta)^n = \cos n\theta + i\sin n\theta

Powers of complex numbers in trig form.

Statistics & ProbabilityIntermediate

Z-Score

z = \frac{x - \mu}{\sigma}

Number of standard deviations a value is from the mean.

Statistics & ProbabilityIntermediate

Combinations

\binom{n}{r} = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}

Number of ways to choose r items from n (order irrelevant).

Statistics & ProbabilityIntermediate

Permutations

P(n,r) = \frac{n!}{(n-r)!}

Number of ordered arrangements of r items from n.

Probability & CombinatoricsBasic

Permutations

P(n,r) = \frac{n!}{(n-r)!}

Number of ordered arrangements of r items from n.

Probability & CombinatoricsBasic

Combinations

C(n,r) = \binom{n}{r} = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}

Number of unordered selections of r items from n.

Probability & CombinatoricsAdvanced

Catalan Number

C_n = \frac{1}{n+1}\binom{2n}{n}

Counts many recursive structures such as balanced parentheses.

Data Science & MLIntermediate

Sigmoid Function

\sigma(x) = \frac{1}{1 + e^{-x}}

Maps any real number to the range (0, 1); used in logistic regression.

Physics Laws & TheoremsAdvanced

Bernoulli's Principle

P + \tfrac{1}{2}\rho v^2 + \rho g h = \text{const}

Faster-moving fluid has lower pressure (energy conservation in flow).

Physics Laws & TheoremsAdvanced

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

\Delta x \, \Delta p \ge \frac{\hbar}{2}

Position and momentum cannot both be known with unlimited precision.

Fluid MechanicsAdvanced

Bernoulli's Equation

P + \tfrac{1}{2}\rho v^2 + \rho g h = \text{const}

Energy conservation along a streamline.

Fluid MechanicsAdvanced

Reynolds Number

Re = \frac{\rho v L}{\mu}

Predicts laminar vs turbulent flow.

Modern & Quantum PhysicsAdvanced

Uncertainty Principle

\Delta x\,\Delta p \geq \frac{\hbar}{2}

Limit on knowing position and momentum together.

Modern & Quantum PhysicsIntermediate

Radioactive Decay

N = N_0 e^{-\lambda t}

Number of nuclei remaining over time.

Moles from Mass

n = \frac{m}{M}

Number of moles from mass and molar mass.

ChemistryAdvanced

Beer–Lambert Law

A = \varepsilon l c

Absorbance of light by a solution.

Avogadro's Number

N = n \times N_A

Number of particles from moles.

Avogadro Number

N_A = 6.022\times 10^{23}

Number of particles in one mole.

Biology & Life SciencesIntermediate

Number of Particles

N = n\times N_A

Particles from moles and Avogadro number.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

Genotype frequencies in a non-evolving population.

Biology & Life SciencesAdvanced

Hemocytometer Cell Count

C = \bar{n} \times DF \times 10^4

Cells per mL from a counting-chamber average.

Biology & Life SciencesIntermediate

Bacterial Generations

n = \frac{\log N_t - \log N_0}{\log 2}

Number of divisions over a growth period.

Biology & Life SciencesAdvanced

Kleiber's Law

q_0 = 70\,M^{0.75}

Metabolic rate scales with body mass to the ¾ power.

Biology & Life SciencesAdvanced

Enzyme Turnover Number

k_{cat} = \frac{V_{max}}{[E]}

Reactions catalyzed per enzyme per second.

Nutrition & FoodBasic

Recipe Scaling Factor

m_{new} = m_{old} \times \frac{n_{want}}{n_{have}}

Rescale each ingredient for a different number of servings.

Nutrition & FoodBasic

Cost per Serving

c_s = \frac{c_{total}}{n}

Total recipe cost divided across the number of servings.

EngineeringAdvanced

Bernoulli's Equation

P + \frac{1}{2}\rho v^2 + \rho g h = \text{const}

Conservation of energy in fluid flow.

EngineeringAdvanced

Reynolds Number

Re = \frac{\rho v L}{\mu}

Predicts laminar vs turbulent flow.

Aviation & AeronauticsIntermediate

Mach Number

M = \dfrac{v}{a}

Ratio of true airspeed to the local speed of sound.

Aviation & AeronauticsAdvanced

Reynolds Number

Re = \dfrac{\rho v L}{\mu}

Ratio of inertial to viscous forces; characterises airflow over an airfoil.

Aviation & AeronauticsIntermediate

Mach Number

M = \frac{v}{a}

Ratio of speed to the local speed of sound.

Business & CommerceIntermediate

Break-Even (Units)

Q = \dfrac{Fixed\ Costs}{Price - Variable\ Cost}

The number of units that must be sold to exactly cover all costs.

Everyday MathBasic

Recipe Scaling

Q_{new} = Q_{old} \times \frac{S_{new}}{S_{old}}

Adjust ingredient quantities for a different number of servings.

Everyday MathBasic

Tiles Needed

N = \frac{A_{floor}}{A_{tile}}

Number of tiles to cover a floor.

Time & CalendarAdvanced

Julian Day Number

JDN = \left\lfloor 365.25(Y+4716) \right\rfloor + \left\lfloor 30.6001(M+1) \right\rfloor + D + B - 1524

Continuous day count used by astronomers to compare dates.

Time & CalendarIntermediate

Days Between Two Dates

\Delta = JDN_2 - JDN_1

Number of days separating two calendar dates.

Time & CalendarAdvanced

ISO Week Number

W = \left\lfloor \dfrac{d_o - w_d + 10}{7} \right\rfloor

ISO-8601 week of the year (weeks start on Monday).

Time & CalendarIntermediate

Ordinal Day of Year

N = \left\lfloor \dfrac{275M}{9} \right\rfloor - k\left\lfloor \dfrac{M+9}{12} \right\rfloor + D - 30

Day-of-year number (1–366) for a given date.

Geography & EarthBasic

Population Density

D = \frac{P}{A}

Number of people per unit area.

Environmental ScienceIntermediate

Radioactive Decay

N = N_0\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{t/t_{1/2}}

Amount remaining after a number of half-lives.

Euclidean Algorithm

\gcd(a,b) = \gcd(b, a \bmod b)

Recursively finds the greatest common divisor.

Modular Congruence

a \equiv b \pmod{m}

a and b have the same remainder when divided by m.

Fermat's Little Theorem

a^{p-1} \equiv 1 \pmod{p}

Holds when p is prime and gcd(a,p)=1.

Euler's Totient

\phi(n) = n\prod_{p|n}\left(1 - \frac{1}{p}\right)

Counts integers up to n coprime to n.

Prime Number Theorem

\pi(x) \sim \frac{x}{\ln x}

Approximates the number of primes below x.

LCM from GCD

\text{lcm}(a,b) = \frac{|a b|}{\gcd(a,b)}

Least common multiple via the greatest common divisor.

Sum of First n Integers

\sum_{k=1}^{n} k = \frac{n(n+1)}{2}

Closed form for the sum of the first n natural numbers.

Sum of First n Squares

\sum_{k=1}^{n} k^2 = \frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}

Closed form for the sum of the first n squares.

Divisibility Rule for 3

n \text{ divisible by } 3 \iff \text{digit sum divisible by } 3

A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is.

Divisibility Rule for 9

n \text{ divisible by } 9 \iff \text{digit sum divisible by } 9

A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is.

Even and Odd Numbers

n = 2k \;(\text{even}), \quad n = 2k+1 \;(\text{odd})

Every integer is either even or odd.

Sum of First n Cubes

\sum_{k=1}^{n} k^3 = \left(\frac{n(n+1)}{2}\right)^2

The sum of the first n cubes equals the square of the sum.

Number of Divisors

d(n) = \prod (a_i + 1)

Count of divisors from prime factorization exponents.

Sum of Divisors

\sigma(n) = \prod \frac{p_i^{a_i+1}-1}{p_i - 1}

Sum of all divisors from prime factorization.

Even Perfect Number

N = 2^{p-1}(2^p - 1)

Euclid-Euler form of even perfect numbers.

Mersenne Number

M_p = 2^p - 1

Numbers one less than a power of two.

Fermat Number

F_n = 2^{2^n} + 1

Numbers of a special exponential form.

Triangular Number

T_n = \frac{n(n+1)}{2}

Sum of the first n natural numbers.

Square Number

S_n = n^2

The nth perfect square.

Pentagonal Number

P_n = \frac{n(3n-1)}{2}

The nth pentagonal figurate number.

Fibonacci Recurrence

F_n = F_{n-1} + F_{n-2}

Each term is the sum of the two before it.

Binet Formula

F_n = \frac{\varphi^n - \psi^n}{\sqrt{5}}

Closed form for the nth Fibonacci number.

Golden Ratio

\varphi = \frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2} \approx 1.618

Ratio where the whole is to the larger as the larger is to the smaller.

Collatz Step

n \to \begin{cases} n/2 & \text{even} \\ 3n+1 & \text{odd} \end{cases}

The rule of the famous unsolved Collatz conjecture.

Wilson Theorem

(p-1)! \equiv -1 \pmod{p}

A primality criterion for p.

Computer ScienceAdvanced

Hamming Distance

d(x,y) = \sum_i [x_i \ne y_i]

Number of positions at which two strings differ.

Bits to Represent n

b = \lceil \log_2(n) \rceil

Minimum number of bits to represent n distinct values.

Binary to Decimal

N = \sum_{i=0}^{k} b_i 2^i

Converts a binary number to decimal.

Decimal to Binary

N = \text{repeated division by } 2

Convert a decimal number to binary by dividing by 2 and reading remainders.

Computer ScienceIntermediate

Hexadecimal to Decimal

N = \sum_{i=0}^{k} h_i 16^i

Convert a hexadecimal number to decimal.

Address Space

N = 2^n

Number of addressable locations for n bits.

Hexadecimal to Decimal

d = \sum h_i \times 16^i

Convert a hex number to decimal by positional weights.

Weather & CalamitiesIntermediate

Throughput

X = \frac{N}{T}

Number of operations completed per unit time.

Beaufort Wind Scale

v = 0.836\,B^{3/2}

Converts a Beaufort force number into an approximate wind speed.

Media & DataAdvanced

Little’s Law

L = \lambda\,W

Relates the number of items in a system to arrival rate and waiting time.

Revenue & SalesBasic

Total Revenue

TR = P \times Q

Total revenue is the selling price multiplied by the number of units sold.

Revenue & SalesIntermediate

Monthly Recurring Revenue

MRR = N \times ARPU

Monthly recurring revenue is the number of active subscribers times average revenue per user per month.

Revenue & SalesBasic

Average Revenue Per User

ARPU = \dfrac{TR}{N}

Average revenue per user divides total revenue over a period by the number of users.

Music & AcousticsIntermediate

Harmonic Series

f_n = n f_1

Overtones of a note are whole-number multiples of the fundamental.

Music & AcousticsAdvanced

Sabine Reverberation Time

RT_{60} = 0.161\frac{V}{A}

Time for sound to decay 60 dB in a room.

Cryptography & SecurityIntermediate

Key Space Size

K = 2^b

Number of possible keys for a b-bit key.

Cryptography & SecurityBasic

Hamming Distance

d(x,y) = \sum_i [x_i \ne y_i]

Number of positions at which two strings differ.

Photography & ImagingBasic

F-Number

N = \frac{f}{D}

Aperture f-number is focal length divided by aperture diameter.

Photography & ImagingIntermediate

Flash Guide Number

GN = N \times d

Relates flash power, aperture and subject distance.

Marine & NauticalAdvanced

Froude Number

Fr = \frac{v}{\sqrt{gL}}

Ratio of inertia to gravity waves; governs hull resistance.

Actuarial & InsuranceBasic

Claim Frequency

f = \frac{N}{E}

Number of claims per unit of exposure.

Agriculture & SoilIntermediate

Plant Population

N = \frac{A}{s_r \times s_p}

Number of plants from row and plant spacing.

Agriculture & SoilBasic

Livestock Stocking Rate

SR = \frac{N}{A}

Number of animals per unit of grazing land.

Culinary & Baking MathBasic

Recipe Scaling

m_{new} = m_{old} \times \frac{n_{desired}}{n_{original}}

Scales every ingredient up or down for a different number of servings.

Logistics & Supply ChainBasic

Days Inventory Outstanding

DIO = \frac{365}{T}

Average number of days stock sits before being sold.

Telecom & NetworkingIntermediate

Usable Subnet Hosts

H = 2^{(32-n)} - 2

Number of usable IPv4 addresses in a subnet with an n-bit prefix.

Telecom & NetworkingIntermediate

Bit Error Rate

BER = \frac{E}{N}

Fraction of transmitted bits received in error.

Math Tricks (20)

Nikhilam (Multiply Near Base)

A Vedic sutra for multiplying numbers close to a base (10, 100, 1000, etc.). Works by finding how far each number is from the base.

Urdhva Tiryagbhyam (Vertically & Crosswise)

A general Vedic multiplication method that works for any two numbers. Uses vertical and crosswise multiplication patterns.

Squaring Numbers Near 50

Quick method to square any number near 50 using the identity (50±d)² = 2500 ± 100d + d².

Ekadhikena (Squaring Numbers Ending in 5)

Instantly square any number ending in 5. Multiply the tens digit by (tens digit + 1), then append 25.

Vinculum Numbers

Transform numbers with large digits (6-9) into "vinculum" form using complements from 10, making calculations easier.

Multiply Any 2-Digit Number by 11

Instantly multiply any two-digit number by 11 by splitting and adding the digits.

Divisibility Quick Checks

Quickly check if a number is divisible by 2 through 12 without dividing.

Square Any Number (a±b Method)

Use the identity (a+b)(a-b) + b² = a² to square numbers quickly by going to the nearest easy number.

Multiply by 9, 99, 999 (Nikhilam Special)

Multiplying any number by a string of nines is instant: subtract 1 from the number for the left part, then take the complement for the right part.

Anurupyena (Proportion Multiplication)

When numbers are near a convenient working base that is a multiple of a power of 10, use a proportional base to simplify the multiplication.

Duplex Method for Squaring

The Dwandwa (duplex) method squares any number by summing duplex values digit by digit — a general Vedic squaring technique.

Multiply by 9 the Easy Way

Multiply by 10 and subtract the original number — much faster than multiplying by 9 directly.

Multiply Two Numbers Just Above 100

For numbers a little above 100, use the surplus from 100 to multiply almost instantly.

Square Numbers Ending in 1

Use (a+1)² = a² + 2a + 1. Square the round number below, add twice it, add 1.

Sum of 1 to N Instantly

Gauss's formula: the sum of the first n whole numbers is n(n+1)/2 — no adding required.

Sum of First N Odd Numbers = N²

The sum of the first n odd numbers is always a perfect square, exactly n².

Product of Numbers Around a Square

Two numbers equally spaced around a middle value m multiply to m² − d², using the difference of squares.

Miles ↔ Kilometres Fast

Multiply miles by 1.6 for km, or divide km by 1.6 for miles. Consecutive Fibonacci numbers are handy approximations.

Estimate a Square Root

Bracket the number between two perfect squares, then refine with a quick average step.

Split a Bill Evenly

Round the total up to a friendly number, divide by the number of people, then adjust down slightly.