Telecom & Networking

Intermediate

Bit Error Rate

Fraction of transmitted bits received in error.

Formula

BER = \frac{E}{N}

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Variables

BERBit error rate

EBits in error

NTotal bits sent

Example

20 errors in 10⁶ bits: BER = 2×10⁻⁵

Did You Know?

Fibre-optic links routinely achieve BERs better than one error in a trillion bits.

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Maximum error-free data rate of a channel given bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio.

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Maximum data rate for a noiseless channel with M signal levels.

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Signal attenuation over distance in free space (d in km, f in MHz).

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Time for a signal to travel a distance at propagation speed.