Media & Data

Media, advertising and data-infrastructure metrics — TV ratings, ad performance, data-centre efficiency and IT capacity.

Media & Data formulas help you measure how audiences, ads, and digital systems perform, from TV ratings and media reach to click rates, conversions, and ad spend efficiency. Useful for students, exam revision, and real-world marketing, analytics, and IT work, these formulas turn raw numbers into clear insights that support better decisions, smarter budgeting, and more efficient data and media strategies.

Gross Rating Points (GRP)

NEWIntermediate

GRP = \text{Reach}\,(\%) \times \text{Frequency}

Total advertising weight of a campaign against the whole audience.

Target Rating Points (TRP)

NEWIntermediate

TRP = \frac{\text{Impressions among target}}{\text{Target population}} \times 100

Advertising weight counted only within the specific target audience.

Television Rating (TVR)

TVR = \frac{\text{Viewers of a programme}}{\text{Total TV population}} \times 100

Share of all potential viewers watching a particular programme.

Cost Per Mille (CPM)

CPM = \frac{\text{Cost}}{\text{Impressions}} \times 1000

The cost of reaching one thousand impressions.

Cost Per Rating Point (CPP)

NEWIntermediate

CPP = \frac{\text{Cost}}{GRP}

How much it costs to buy one rating point of audience.

Click-Through Rate (CTR)

CTR = \frac{\text{Clicks}}{\text{Impressions}} \times 100

Percentage of ad views that result in a click.

Cost Per Click (CPC)

CPC = \frac{\text{Cost}}{\text{Clicks}}

Average amount paid for each click on an ad.

Cost Per Acquisition (CPA)

CPA = \frac{\text{Cost}}{\text{Conversions}}

Average cost to gain one customer or completed action.

Return on Ad Spend (ROAS)

ROAS = \frac{\text{Revenue from ads}}{\text{Ad spend}}

Revenue generated for every unit of currency spent on advertising.

Conversion Rate

CR = \frac{\text{Conversions}}{\text{Visitors}} \times 100

Percentage of visitors who complete a desired action.

Engagement Rate

ER = \frac{\text{Engagements}}{\text{Followers}} \times 100

How actively an audience interacts with content.

Share of Voice (SOV)

NEWIntermediate

SOV = \frac{\text{Your impressions}}{\text{Total market impressions}} \times 100

Your brand’s share of all advertising exposure in a market.

Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE)

NEWIntermediate

PUE = \frac{\text{Total facility energy}}{\text{IT equipment energy}}

How efficiently a data centre uses energy, versus overhead like cooling.

Data-Centre Infrastructure Efficiency

NEWIntermediate

DCiE = \frac{1}{PUE} \times 100

The efficiency of a data centre expressed as a percentage.

Availability (Uptime)

NEWIntermediate

A = \frac{MTBF}{MTBF + MTTR} \times 100

Percentage of time a system is operational.

Bandwidth-Delay Product

BDP = \text{Bandwidth} \times RTT

Amount of data "in flight" on a network link at any instant.

Compression Ratio

CR = \frac{\text{Uncompressed size}}{\text{Compressed size}}

How much smaller data becomes after compression.

Little’s Law

L = \lambda\,W

Relates the number of items in a system to arrival rate and waiting time.