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Nutrition & Food

Calories, macros, diet, cooking ratios and culinary maths

Food Energy (Atwater)

Basic
E=4P+4C+9F+7AE = 4P + 4C + 9F + 7A

Total food energy in kilocalories from its macronutrients using the Atwater factors.

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Calories from Protein

Basic
EP=4PE_P = 4P

Energy contributed by protein at 4 kcal per gram.

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Calories from Carbohydrate

Basic
EC=4CE_C = 4C

Energy from carbohydrate at 4 kcal per gram.

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Calories from Fat

Basic
EF=9FE_F = 9F

Energy from fat at 9 kcal per gram — the most energy-dense macronutrient.

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Calories from Alcohol

Intermediate
EA=7AE_A = 7A

Energy from pure alcohol (ethanol) at 7 kcal per gram.

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Kilocalories to Kilojoules

Basic
kJ=kcal×4.184kJ = kcal \times 4.184

Convert dietary Calories to the SI energy unit used on many food labels.

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Caloric (Energy) Density

Intermediate
D=EmD = \frac{E}{m}

Calories per gram of a food — a key idea in filling, lower-calorie eating.

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Macro % of Calories

Basic
%M=EMEtotal×100\%_M = \frac{E_M}{E_{total}} \times 100

Share of total energy coming from a given macronutrient.

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Protein Requirement (RDA)

Basic
P=0.8×mP = 0.8 \times m

Recommended daily protein for a healthy adult (grams).

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Protein Grams from Calories

Basic
g=r×C4g = \frac{r \times C}{4}

Grams of protein for a target protein ratio of the diet.

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Glycemic Load

Advanced
GL=GI×C100GL = \frac{GI \times C}{100}

Impact of a food portion on blood sugar, combining quality (GI) and quantity.

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Net Carbohydrates

Intermediate
Cnet=CtotalFA2C_{net} = C_{total} - F - \tfrac{A}{2}

Digestible carbs after subtracting fibre and half of sugar alcohols.

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Percent Daily Value (%DV)

Basic
%DV=ar×100\%DV = \frac{a}{r} \times 100

How much a nutrient in a serving contributes to daily needs.

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Weight Change from Energy Balance

Intermediate
Δm=Edeficit7700\Delta m = \frac{E_{deficit}}{7700}

Approximate body-fat change (kg) from a cumulative calorie deficit or surplus.

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Baker's Percentage

Intermediate
%i=mimflour×100\%_i = \frac{m_i}{m_{flour}} \times 100

Every ingredient expressed relative to flour weight — the backbone of bread recipes.

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Dough Hydration

Intermediate
H=mwatermflour×100H = \frac{m_{water}}{m_{flour}} \times 100

Water as a percentage of flour — controls how wet and open a dough is.

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Recipe Scaling Factor

Basic
mnew=mold×nwantnhavem_{new} = m_{old} \times \frac{n_{want}}{n_{have}}

Rescale each ingredient for a different number of servings.

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Brine Salinity

Intermediate
S=msaltmsalt+mwater×100S = \frac{m_{salt}}{m_{salt}+m_{water}} \times 100

Salt concentration of a brine or curing solution by mass.

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Yield Percentage

Intermediate
Y=mEPmAP×100Y = \frac{m_{EP}}{m_{AP}} \times 100

Edible portion left after trimming, relative to the amount purchased.

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Food Cost Percentage

Intermediate
FC=cingredientspselling×100FC = \frac{c_{ingredients}}{p_{selling}} \times 100

Ingredient cost as a share of menu price — a core restaurant metric.

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Cost per Serving

Basic
cs=ctotalnc_s = \frac{c_{total}}{n}

Total recipe cost divided across the number of servings.

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Alcohol by Volume (ABV)

Advanced
ABV=(OGFG)×131.25ABV = (OG - FG) \times 131.25

Estimated alcohol content of beer or wine from gravity readings.

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Caffeine Concentration

Basic
c=mcaffeineVc = \frac{m_{caffeine}}{V}

Caffeine amount per unit volume of a drink.

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Water Activity

Advanced
aw=pp0a_w = \frac{p}{p_0}

Ratio of a food's vapour pressure to pure water — governs microbial spoilage.

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