Measuring the land: slope and grade, coordinate areas, stadia, traverse latitudes and map scale
Steepness of ground or a road as a percentage.
Area of a polygon from the coordinates of its corners.
Level distance from a slope distance and its inclination angle.
Elevation change from a slope distance and angle.
North-south component of a traverse line from its length and bearing.
East-west component of a traverse line.
Straight-line gap between the start and computed end of a closed traverse.
Closure error expressed as a fraction of the traverse perimeter.
Horizontal distance from stadia hair readings on a level rod.
Representative fraction linking map distance to real-world distance.
Drop due to Earth's curvature over a sight distance (metres, K in km).
Radius of a circular road or rail curve from its degree of curve.
Area under an irregular boundary using parabolic strips.
Area under a boundary by summing trapezoidal strips.
Direction of a line from the change in easting and northing.
Ground slope from the contour interval and horizontal spacing on a map.