Renewable Energy

Intermediate

Solar PV Energy Yield

Annual energy from a solar array's area, efficiency and sunlight.

Formula

E = A \times r \times H \times PR

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Variables

EEnergy (kWh)

APanel area (m²)

rPanel efficiency

HAnnual irradiation (kWh/m²)

PRPerformance ratio

Example

A=20, r=0.2, H=1800, PR=0.8: E = 5760 kWh/yr

Did You Know?

The performance ratio (typically 0.75–0.85) captures real-world losses from heat, dust and wiring.

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