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Formulae (2)

CNOT = \begin{pmatrix} 1&0&0&0 \\ 0&1&0&0 \\ 0&0&0&1 \\ 0&0&1&0 \end{pmatrix}

Two-qubit gate that flips the target qubit only when the control qubit is |1⟩.

|\Phi^+\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|00\rangle + |11\rangle)

Maximally entangled two-qubit state — measuring one qubit instantly determines the other.