Telecom & Networking

Intermediate

Bit Rate from Baud

Bit rate from symbol rate and bits carried per symbol.

Formula

R = B_r \times \log_2 M

Variables

RBit rate (bps)

B_rBaud (symbols/s)

MSymbols in the alphabet

Example

Baud 1000, M=16: R = 1000×4 = 4000 bps

Did You Know?

Modern modems pack many bits per symbol, so bit rate far exceeds the baud rate.

telecom baud modulation

Share this formula

More in Telecom & Networking

Shannon Channel Capacity

Maximum error-free data rate of a channel given bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio.

Nyquist Data Rate

Maximum data rate for a noiseless channel with M signal levels.

Power Decibels

Ratio of two power levels expressed logarithmically.

Free-Space Path Loss

Signal attenuation over distance in free space (d in km, f in MHz).

Throughput

Actual data delivered per unit time.

Propagation Delay

Time for a signal to travel a distance at propagation speed.